| Pythagoras | -570 | Pythagoreanism |
| Siddhartha Gautama | -564 | Buddhism |
| Kong Qiu Confucius | -551 | Confucianism |
| Heraclitus | -535 | Flux, Pre-Socratic |
| Parmenides | -515 | Eleatic, Rationalism |
| Lao Tzu | -500 | Taoism |
| Socrates | -469 | Socratic |
| Democritus | -460 | Atomism, Pre-Socratic |
| Plato / Aristocles | -428 | Platonism |
| Aristotle | -384 | Aristotelianism, Peripatetic |
| Zeno of Citium | -334 | Stoicism |
| Chrysippus of Soli | -279 | Stoicism |
| Seneca the Younger | -4 | Stoicism |
| Epictetus | 50 | Stoicism |
| Marcus Aurelius | 121 | Stoicism |
| Aurelius Augustinus / of Hippo | 354 | Augustinianism, Christian, Neoplatonism |
| Avicenna / Ibn Sina | 980 | Aristotelianism, Neoplatonism |
| Thomas Aquinas | 1225 | Scholasticism, Thomism |
| Niccolò Machiavelli | 1469 | Humanism, Realism |
| Thomas Hobbes | 1588 | Empiricism, Materialism, Social Contract |
| René Descartes | 1596 | Cartesianism, Dualism, Rationalism |
| Baruch Spinoza | 1632 | Determinism, Pantheism, Rationalism |
| John Locke | 1632 | Empiricism, Liberalism, Social Contract |
| Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | 1646 | Idealism, Monadology, Rationalism |
| Giambattista Vico | 1668 | Historicism |
| George Berkeley | 1685 | Empiricism, Idealism, Immaterialism |
| François-Marie Arouet | 1694 | Deism, Enlightenment |
| David Hume | 1711 | Empiricism, Naturalism, Skepticism |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | 1712 | Romanticism, Social Contract |
| Immanuel Kant | 1724 | Critical, Deontology, Idealism |
| Jeremy Bentham | 1748 | Liberalism, Positivism, Utilitarianism |
| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | 1770 | Historicism, Idealism |
| Arthur Schopenhauer | 1788 | Idealism, Pessimism, Voluntarism |
| John Stuart (J.S.) Mill | 1806 | Empiricism, Liberalism, Utilitarianism |
| Søren Aabye Kierkegaard | 1813 | Existentialism |
| Karl Marx | 1818 | Communism, Marxism, Materialism |
| Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche | 1844 | Existentialism, Nihilism, Will to Power |
| John Dewey | 1859 | Pragmatism |
| Henri Bergson | 1859 | Vitalism |
| Max Weber | 1864 | Individualism, Sociology |
| Bertrand Arthur William Russell | 1872 | Analytic, Atomism, Logicism |
| Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein | 1889 | Analytic, Positivism |
| Martin Heidegger | 1889 | Existentialism, Hermeneutics, Phenomenology |
| Karl Popper | 1902 | Critical, Falsificationism, Rationalism |
| Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre | 1905 | Existentialism, Marxism, Phenomenology |
| Hannah Arendt | 1906 | Existentialism, Phenomenology |
| Simone de Beauvoir | 1908 | Existentialism, Feminism |
| John Rawls | 1921 | Egalitarianism, Liberalism, Social Contract |
| Paul-Michel Foucault | 1926 | Critical, Postmodernism, Poststructuralism |
| Jacques Derrida | 1930 | Deconstruction, Postmodernism, Poststructuralism |
